Robert A. Heinlein

Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988), lo que es en American escritor de ciencia ficción. Often called "the dean of science fiction writers", he was one of the most influential and controversial authors of the género. He conjunto a high standard for science and engineering plausibility and ayudado to raise the género's standards of literary quality. He was one of the first escritores to break into mainstream general de la revista, such as The Saturday Evening Post, en the late 1940s, with unvarnished ciencia ficción. He was in the first autores de bestselling, novela de la longitud de la ciencia ficción en the modern, mass-market era. For many years, Heinlein, Isaac Asimov y Arthur C. Clarke were known as the "Big Three" de la ciencia ficción. Heinlein lo que a notable escritor de ciencia-ficción, short stories, and he was one of a group of writers who were groomed in their writing by John W. Campbell, Jr. el editor de la revista Astounding—sin embargo Heinlein, el propio denied that Campbell influenced his writing to any great degree. Within the framework of his science fiction stories, Heinlein repeatedly integrated recognizable social themes: The importance of individual liberty and self-reliance, the obligation individuals owe to their societies, the influence of organized religión on culture and government, and the tendency of society to repress non-conformist thought. Así que He examined the relationship between physical and emotional love, explorado, various poco ortodoxo family structures and speculated on the influence of space travel on human cultural de prácticas. His iconoclasta approach to these temas led to wildly divergente perceptions of his works and attempts to place mutually contradictory etiquetas on his work. His 1961 novel Stranger in a Strange Land put him in the unexpected role of a pied piper of the sexual revolución, and of the counterculture, and through this book pp lo credited with popularizing the notion of polyamory. Heinlein won Hugo Awards for four of his novelas; en suma, fifty years after publication, three of his works were awarded "Retro Hugo"premios given retrospectively for years in which Hugo Awards had not been awarded. Así que He won the first Grand Master Award given by the Science Fiction Writers of America for his lifetime achievement. En su ficción, Heinlein coined words that have become part of the English language, including "grok" and "waldo", y popularizada the term "TANSTAAFL".